An image of the Milky Way’s black hole

Worldwide network: When the researchers collected the data from the centre of the Milky Way in 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope consisted of eight observatories spread across the globe. © EHT collaboration Worldwide network: When the researchers collected the data from the centre of the Milky Way in 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope consisted of eight observatories spread across the globe. © EHT collaboration

Observation with the Event Horizon Telescope improves our understanding of the processes at the galactic centre

It sits deep in the heart of the Milky Way, is 27,000 light years from Earth, and resembles a doughnut. This is how the black hole at the centre of our galaxy appears in the image obtained by researchers using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). The team has thus provided evidence that, as suspected, this object belongs to the family of cosmic gravity traps. The radio data from the observatories connected in the worldwide EHT network were obtained from two supercomputers: one at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn and one at the Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts. The Apex telescope of the Bonn Institute and the 30-metre antenna of the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), which belongs to the Max Planck Society, were also involved in the observation.

The current observation follows the 2019 image of a black hole (M 87*) at the centre of the galaxy Messier 87, which lies at a much greater distance from Earth. The two black holes are similar - although the one at the centre of the Milky Way is more than one thousand times smaller and much lighter than M 87*. "We are dealing with two completely different types of galaxies and two different masses of black holes. But near their edges, they look amazingly similar", says Sera Markoff, co-chair of the Council of Sciences of the EHT and professor of theoretical astrophysics at the University of Amsterdam.

This time, the evaluation of the data was much more difficult than with the galaxy M 87, 55 million light years away - even though the centre of the Milky Way is much closer (27,000 light years). The gas swirls around the two black holes at practically the same speed - almost as fast as light. But while it takes days to weeks to orbit the larger object M 87*, it orbits of the much smaller Sagittarius A* in just a few minutes. "The brightness and appearance of the gas around Sagittarius A* thus changed rapidly during our observation", says Chi-kwan Chan from the University of Arizona. "It’s like trying to take a sharp image of a dog vigorously wagging its tail".

The researchers had to develop sophisticated new methods in order to explain the gas movements around the Sagittarius A* black hole, which "weighs" around four million solar masses. In contrast, M 87*, weighing six and a half billion solar masses, was an easier and more stable target. In addition, Earth is in the galactic plane; this causes a scattering effect in the radio measurements. Hot gas with charged particles and magnetic fields in the line of sight also complicate the analysis.

The image of Sagittarius A* is thus an average of various images that the team extracted from the data. Maciek Wielgus and Michael Janßen, both from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, played a major role in the calibration. For tests of general relativity and proof of an event horizon, their colleague Gunther Witzel compiled the results of other observations.

Concentrated computing power: The scientists used this high-performance computer at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy to analyse the data from the Event Horizon Telescope. A second correlator is located at the Haystack Observatory in the US. © MPIfR Concentrated computing power: The scientists used this high-performance computer at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy to analyse the data from the Event Horizon Telescope. A second correlator is located at the Haystack Observatory in the US. © MPIfR

The EHT collaboration includes more than 300 researchers from 80 institutes worldwide. Over the past five years, the team has developed complex instruments and compiled a unique library of numerically simulated black holes to compare with observations. Among other things, these serve to test the theories of gravitation.

According to Michael Kramer, Director at the Max Planck Institute and one of the project leaders of the Black Hole Cam project, the earlier image of M 87* was only partially suitable for this purpose. "For Messier 87, we had no reliable prior knowledge about the mass of the black hole. In the current case, it is quite different. Thanks to previous measurements such as those by Reinhard Genzel, we know both the distance and the mass of Sagittarius A* quite precisely. We were thus able to calculate the expected shadow size in order to compare it with the observations. And it fits quite well.

Using the images of the two differently-sized black holes, the researchers can compare the two objects and check how they differ. The new data can also be used to test theories and models about how gravity and matter behave in the extreme environment of supermassive black holes. This is not yet fully understood but apparently plays a key role in the formation and evolution of galaxies.

IRAM Director Karl Schuster emphasizes the many years of joint pioneering work between the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy and his institute in Grenoble, France. "The results from the Event Horizon Telescope are an ideal complement to the results obtained by Reinhard Genzel’s group at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in the infra-red range with the Gravity instrument". Meanwhile, measurements with the Event Horizon Telescope continue. Eleven observatories were involved in a major campaign in March 2022. "Of course, we are all quite excited to see what the EHT observations in 2021 and 2022 will reveal with the participation of our powerful Noema observatory", says Schuster.

ER / HOR / NJ